While you've probably heard of anemia or low iron levels, talk about hereditary hemochromatosis or milder forms of iron overload is not nearly as common. Hereditary hemochromatosis is a disease in which your genes allow your body to absorb more iron from your food than normal resulting in too much iron. The typical healthy person absorbs approximately 10% of the iron that they eat, but in cases of hereditary hemochromatosis or iron overload, up to four times that amount can be absorbed. [2]

Some speculate that the genetic mutation associated with hemochromatosis may have emerged as a protective mechanism to prevent iron deficiency in humans as they transitioned to a carbohydrate heavy diet based around farming and agriculture from the previous hunter-gatherer centered diet. [11]

Excess iron acts as a rusting agent in your body and can accumulate in tissues, particularly in the liver, pancreas, heart, joints and the brain. This speeds up the aging process and puts you at a much higher risk for vascular disease, cancer, and a shortened life expectancy. Iron overload is also linked to liver disease, cardiovascular disease, gout, infertility, hypothyroidism, and a very long list of others, making it essential for you to know your iron status. [10]

The Signs and Symptoms of Iron Overload:

While the symptoms are often silent in the early stages of hereditary hemochromatosis or iron overload, as it progresses it can lead to:

• Heart arrhythmia
• Diabetes
• Hypothyroidism
• Hormonal problems
• Loss of libido
• Infertility
• Impotence
• Heart disease
• Liver disease and cirrhosis
• Yellowing of the skin
• Joint pain
• Weakness
• Nausea
• Abdominal pain
• Arthritis
• Weight loss
• Hair loss
• Depression
• Fatigue

*Typically iron saturation and serum iron are the first to creep up outside the normal range in iron overload. High bilirubin, and elevated liver enzymes on lab tests can also hint at iron overload. [5]

How common is hereditary hemochromatosis or iron overload?

There are two major HFE (high iron) genes that cause overload: C282Y and H63D.

The common diagnosis for hemochromatosis by the medical community requires having two copies (one from each parent, called homozygous) of either C282Y or H63D for disease to develop. Based on genetic estimates, this is present in about 1 in 200 Caucasians, making hemochromatosis one of the most prevalent genetic diseases in North America. [10,13]

However, even those without the standard hereditary hemochromatosis diagnosis can have a tendency toward iron overload. Those who are carriers or heterozygous with only a single copy of either HFE gene can display symptoms of iron overload. A person can also have one copy of both C282Y and H63D (called compound heterozygous), increasing the symptomatic probability. Because symptoms can manifest in carriers, it is commonly missed or overlooked by conventional medicine.

Furthermore, there are at least 20 other mutations have been identified but are not currently understood at this point by the medical research community.

Considering that approximately 1 in every 3 people are carriers for one of the major hemochromatosis genes and there is currently no national screening program in place, there could be a large undiagnosed population. An iron panel was a standard part of yearly blood work until about 1996-1997, but now it's typically only done if requested or your doctor has a reason to do so.

That's why testing your iron levels and knowing your genetics is key to staying ahead of your health.

How do you find out if you are at risk for iron overload?

According to the Iron Disorders institute, you are most at risk for iron overload if:

• Your ancestors are from Northern Europe.
• You have a family history of heart trouble, especially early death by heart attack or a history of diabetes, liver disease, osteoarthritis, hormone imbalances, especially hypothyroidism, or infertility.
• You are male, or a postmenopausal female who is no longer menstruating (as menstruating women lose some iron naturally with their monthly cycle).
• You are homozygous for the C282Y mutation of the HFE gene, homozygous for the H63D HFE gene, compound heterozygote (C282Y/H63D) and some carriers.

There are two essential steps for finding out your risk of hereditary hemochromatosis or iron overload. Some choose to do a blood test first, while some choose to do genetic testing as a first step. It's really up to you and your health support team.

With Genetic Testing: You used to be able to order an ancestry report through 23andMe that would give you all your raw genetic data, which you could then hack by following the simple protocol below to understand if you are at risk of iron overload. However, 23andme is constantly updating what is included in the raw data (read: less data is included with every "chip" update as they call it). I called and verified that these are currently still included, but I can't make any promises that it will stay that way, so it is best to check with them before you check out.

Here's an example of the HFE gene C282Y (risk allele A) on the 23andMe raw data browser:

Because the genes present in this example are A / G, and A is the risk allele, this person would be heterozygous (one copy or a carrier) for C282Y.

Here's an example of the HFE gene H63D (risk allele G):

Because the genes present in this example are C / G, and G is the risk allele, this person would be heterozygous (one copy or a carrier) for H36D.

This person is heterozygous for both C282Y and H63D HFE genes, so they classify as compound-heterozygous because they have one copy of both of the common iron overload genes.

Order a 23andMe report right here for $99.

Blood work: Requesting blood work through your naturopath or doctor is another essential step to determine your risk of iron overload, especially if you have the genes for it. Typically, you'll want an iron panel at the very least, which usually includes serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation, and overall ferritin (or iron stores in the body), but your doctor might have other specifics, such as a complete blood count (CBC), comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), and Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) in addition to give a bigger picture of your overall health, since some other health conditions can mimic the symptoms of iron overload.

You can also order your own blood work here (about $48) if that is an easier option for you.

I found the following forms helpful for interpreting your own iron panel results here and here, but it's always best to work your medical professional on this.

How to reduce high iron levels

If you find yourself with iron overload genes and/or high iron levels, you'll want to work carefully with your healthcare professional to monitor your iron over time and establish a plan to reduce and maintain optimal iron levels. Iron overload and hemochromatosis isn't something that you can ever be "cured" of, but you have to manage it for a lifetime by always keeping your iron levels in check. The most common ways to reduce iron levels over time are:

• Blood donation at a frequency that correlates to your iron levels
• Therapeutic phlebotomy (Rx prescribed bloodletting to donate blood more frequently)
• Eat less iron from food like red meat and liver, although restricting your diet too much can cause other nutritional deficiencies, making blood donation the most common intervention
• Avoid foods fortified with iron (most processed foods) and iron supplements, including iron-containing multivitamins
• Use of supplements that are iron chelators such as curcumin and grape seed extract [7, 13]
• Reduce or limit alcohol consumption, as alcohol increases iron absorption

The more you know about your body in the ways of data by way of lab testing, hair analysis, and genetic testing, the more you can adjust your diet, supplements and lifestyle to support the best possible health for you. Having struggled with iron overload, undermethylation, hypermobility, and nutritional deficiencies myself, I don't know where'd I'd be without the knowledge and data to help me find my path to true health.

Do you have hereditary hemochromatosis or high iron levels? Please share in the comments!

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References:

1. http://www.irondisorders.org/Websites/idi/files/Content/854256/HHC%20ALL2011.pdf
2. http://www.irondisorders.org/Websites/idi/files/Content/854256/HHC%20FACT2010.pdf
3. http://www.irondisorders.org/Websites/idi/files/Content/854256/Physician%20Chart%20phlebotomy%20detail2011.pdf
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11479183
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15266614
6. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hematology/fellows/summer%20course/slides/Spivak_IronOverload%2007.27.12.pdf
7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3821171/
8. http://www.townsendletter.com/May2009/chelation0509.htm
9. https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2017/05/31/managing-iron-levels.aspx#_edn10
10. https://chriskresser.com/iron-behaving-badly-the-role-of-iron-overload-in-metabolic-disease/
11. https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/06/05/elevated-iron-levels.aspx
12. https://hemochromatosishelp.com/turmeric-benefit-for-hemochromatosis/
13. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/hemochromatosis